FUNCTIONAL SKILL

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Penjelasan Lengkap Tentang Teks Bahasa Inggris

• DEGREES OF COMPARISON (tingkat perbandingan)
• PASSIVE VOICE (kalimat pasif)
• DIRECT - INDIRECT (Reported Speech)
• Contoh soal FUNCTIONAL SKILL
• FUNCTIONAL SKILL
• EXERCISES Analytical exposition
• A Complete Overview Of Tex Types
• Similarities and differenties
• Writing job application letters
• Review Text
• Recount Text
• Spoof Text
• Report Text
• Hortatory Exposition Text
• Explanation Text
• Discussion Text
• News Item Text
• Procedure Text
• Narrative Text
• Description Text
• Anecdote Text
• Analytical Exposition Text
• Beberapa Terminologi Penting dalam Bahasa Inggris
• OVERVIEW OF NARRATIVE TEXT

 FUNCTIONAL SKILL 

1. Offering Help

There are a number of formulas used when offering help in English. Here are some of the most common: 

 

• May I help you? 

• Can I help you? 

• Are you looking for something? 

• Would you like some help? 

• Do you need some help? 

• What can I do for you today? 

• Could I help you? 

• How can I be of assistance to you? 

• How can I be of help to you?

• What can I help you - What can I do for you? 

• How can I assist you?

• How can I help you?

• Let me help you?

• Do you want me to help you?

• Shall I …?

 

Respond offering help

Receiving Refusing

• Yes please, Sure, 

• Why not, 

• Ofcourse, 

• Certainly, 

• I’d love to, 

• It’s a good idea, 

• That’s great. • No, thanks, 

• Please don’t bother, 

• I’d love to but…, 

• That’s great but…   

Some ways to offering help for meals and drinks:

• Would you like…?, 

• Would you care for …?, 

• Why don’t you have…?, 

• How about having …? 

• May I offer you …? 

Example:

Offering Responses

- Would you like some bread? Yes, please.

- Would you care for some coffee? No, thanks. I don’t drink coffee.

- Why don’t you have some biscuit, please? Thanks, I’d love to. 

2. Introducing your self and other people

Introducing your self Introducing people

• I’d like to introduce myself. 

• My I introduce myself?

• Let me introduce myself! 

• I want to introduce myself • I’d like you to meet … (name) 

• This is my friend/boss/etc…(name)

• Have you met…(name)?

• May I introduce you to …(name/occupation)

• Let me introduce you to ….

• I want to introduce you to ….

1. This is my friend, Jack.                                        Hi Jack. I'm Linda

    my brother, Bob. 

    my sister, Cindy. 

    my father, Mr. Harris. 

    my mother, Mrs. Harris. 

    my teacher, Ms. Watson. 

    my student, Carrie. 

    my friend, Mary Jones. 

    my boss, Mr. Ritter. 

    my co-worker, Penny Pitcher. 

2. Nice to meet you.                                            Nice to meet you too. 

Pleased to meet you. Likewise. 

Very nice to meet you. And you.

It's a pleasure to meet you.

How to introduce people (in formal situations)

Introducing yourself 

I just wanted to introduce myself, 

I don't believe we've met before, 

I don't think we've actually met formally yet, my name is...

I'm...

Introducing someone else

I'd like to introduce you to… 

There's someone I'd like you to meet, this is… 

Have you met…? 

Exercises:

Complete the following conversation with the correct expressions in the box. 

Hi, Retno. My name is Adib.

this is Retno. I’m Arnys.

Situation: Adib, Arnys, and Retno are new students. They meet at the students’ orientation course.

Adib : Hi, Are you a new student?

Arnys : Yes, I am. By the way, are you a new student, too?

Adib : I’m a new student too. 1) ______________________

Arnys : 2) _________________ Well, Adib, 3) __________________

She was my classmate in the Junior High School.

Adib : 4) ________________ Nice to meet you?

Retno : Nice to meet you too.

Adib : Anyway, we still have half an hour before the class starts. Shall we go to the canteen?, Arnys?

Retno : Okay.

3. Greeting (memberi salam)

Greetings Language in the programme

Good morning sir

madam

Mr Jones

Mrs Smith How are you? 

It's lovely to see you again!

It's been a long time, hasn't it?

How are things with you?

afternoon

evening

Examples of situations where you might use formal greetings

Working in the service industry, e.g. a restaurant, hotel, travel agent

Greeting someone older than you

At work, when speaking to your superiors

Meeting a VIP e.g. a politician 

Being polite to someone you don't know very well

Expressions Functions

• Good morning/afternoon/evening.

(formal)

• Hi!/Hello! (informal) • Greeting someone

• How are you, Den?

• How are you doing • Asking how someone is

• I’m fi ne, thanks.

• Very well, thanks.

• Not so bad, thanks. • Saying how you are

• See you.

• Good bye.

• Bye.

• See you soon /later /tomorrow. • Saying good bye

Exercises:

Complete the dialogues below with correct 

expressions.

1) Arnys : …

Ruben : Very well, thank you.

2) Ayu : Good evening.

Denias : …

3) Andi : How are you doing?

Retno : …

4) Adib : See you tomorrow.

Virga : …

5) Anita : Hi!

Marcell : …

4. Inviting (mengundang/mengajak)

Here are some phrases and expressions for inviting in English.

• Do you want to . . .

• Do you wanna . . . (informal)

• Would you like to . . . (more polite)

• How about (V+ing) ?

• How would you like to . . .

• let’s + V1  

• Why don’t we …? 

• I’d like to invite you to…

• I wonder if you’d like to

Some responds of inviting.

Refusing Receiving

- I’m sorry I can’t 

- I’d like to but…

- I’m afraid I can’t

- No, let’s not. - I’d love to 

- I’d like very much

- I’d be happy/glad to

  accept

- Yes, I’d be delighted to.

- That’s good ide

Polite invitations 

Checking someone is not busy

Are you free on Friday?

Are you busy on Friday? 

What are you doing on Friday?

Would you like...?

Would you like ...a chocolate bar?

...to come to my house for dinner? 

I wondered / was wondering

I wondered ...if you'd like to come to my house for dinner

I was wondering

Other expressions

I would very much like it if you could come along

Shall I bring a bottle?

5. Expressing Thanks (terimakasih)

Here are some sample phrases and sentences for expressing thanks.

Expressing Responses

Thank you 

Thank you very much

Thanks.

Thank you very much for… (kata benda)

I’m grateful for…(kata benda/noun)

I appreciate it. You are welcome. 

That’s all right

Not at all

Don’t mention it

Thet’s all right

Any time

Exercise

How would you express thanks in the following situations? 

a) Someone just gave you a gift for your birthday.

(What do you say?) 

Example: "Thank you so much. I really like it!" 

b) Someone has just bought dinner for you. 

c) Someone returned your lost wallet. 

d) Someone helped carry your grocery bags. 

e) Someone complimented you on your necktie. 

6. Congratulations (ucapan selamat)

 

Ungkapan Respon

Congratulations 

Congratulations on … 

I’d like to congratulate you.

I’d like to congratulate you on…

It was great to hear…

It was to hear about….

Happy birthday to you.

Happy new year.

Good luck!

Have a nice holiday Thank you 

Thank you and the same to you

Thank you. I need it.

Thank you very much.  

Expression Function

• You look cute with that hat. Complimenting

• Congratulations! Congratulating

• Thank you for saying so.

• Thank you. Responding to compliments and congratulations

Other expression

Expression Function

• What a …!

• That’s a very nice …

• I like your … Complimenting

• Congratulations on winning …

• I’d like to congratulate you on …

• I must congratulate you on your …

• Well done. Congratulating

• Thanks.

• Oh, not really.

• It’s nice of you to say so.

• How kind of you to say so. Responding to compliments and congratulations

Special Days - Social Language

It is common to use a special greeting used just for that occasion on special days, holidays and other special occasions. Here are some of the most common: 

Birthdays 

• Happy birthday!

• Best wishes / Good luck on your thirtieth (age - use an ordinal number) birthday!

• Many happy returns! 

Wedding / Anniversary 

• Congratulations!

• Best wishes / good luck on your tenth (number - use an ordinal number) anniversary!

• Here's to many more happy years together (used when making a toast)

Special Holidays 

• Merry Christmas!

• Happy New Year / Easter / Hanukkah / Ramadan etc.

• All the best for a happy New Year / Easter / Hanukkah / Ramadan etc. 

• When making special greetings to children on their birthday and at Christmas, it is also common to ask them what they received: 

• Merry Christmas! What did you get from Santa Claus?

• Happy Birthday! What did your Daddy get for you? 

Special Occasions 

• Congratulations on your promotion!

• All the best for your ...

• I'm so proud of you! 

7. Sympathy (menyatakan rasa simpati)

A. Expressing of sympathy on minor 

a. What’s shame 

b. What’s pity 

c. That’s a nuisance 

d. That’s too bad

e. That’s pity

f. Oh dear

B. Expressing of sympathy on serious accident

a. Goodness! 

b. How terrible! 

c. How Awful!

d. How dreadful!

C. Expressing of sympathy on personal circumstances

a. I’m sorry to hear that 

b. I’m sorry about that 

c. I’m really sorry for them 

d. Please accept my deepest sympathy

e. Send my deepest condolence!

f. Please accept my condolences!

8. Pleasure, Displeasure (senang & tidak senang)

Pleasure/senang Displeasure/tidak senang

• It’s really delightful/Iam delighted 

• I’m satisfied

• That’s great

• That’s wonderful

• It’s really a great pleasure • I’m dissatisfied 

• We are fed up with…

• I feel dosappointed

• She is extremely displeased

Other expressions

Expression Pleasure Expression Displeasure

a. I’m so happy ….

b. I feel ….

c. How happy to …

d. I’m very pleasure with …

e. It’s a pleasure to …

f. Pleasure

g. Great!

h. Terrific!

i. I’m pleased.

j. I enjoyed it

k. I love it.

l. It was terrifi c.

m. I’m delighted. a. I feel …

b. I’m really sad to …

c. ….. feel unpleased with ….

d. I feel disappointed.

9. Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction ( kepuasan, ketidakpuasan)

Ketika kita akan mengungkapkan kepuasan atas kerja seseorang, kita dapat gunakan ungkapan:

• Well done!

• Great! Good work

• I am satisfied with your work

• You did well

• Your job is satisfactory

• I am so happy about this

• I’m glad to what you’ve done

• It’s really satisfying

Katika kita akan mengungkapkan ketidakpuasan atas kerja seseorang, kita dapat gunakan:

• I’m not satisfied with work

• You haven’t done well enough

• I am really dissappointed

• Sorry, but your work is not satisfactory

• Oh, no!

• It’s not very nice

• It’s really not good enough

Informal situation

Satisfaction Dissatisfaction

… very pleased with …

… content with …

… satisfi ed with …

… very delighted with … … displeased with …

… discontented with …

… dissatisfi ed with …

… disappointed with …

Formal situation

Satisfaction Dissatisfaction

Super! 

Great! 

Terrifi c! 

Fantastic! 

Smashing! Horrible!

Very sad!

Annoying!

Disappointing!

Frustrating!

10. Asking & Giving Opinion (meminta & memberi pendapat)

Asking Opinion Giving opinion

How was the trip? 

How do you like your new house?

How do you think of Rina’s idea?

How do you feel about this dicition?

What is your opinions of the movie?

What are your feelings about it? I think (that)…. 

In my opinion….

As I see, …

If you ask me, I feel… 

Other examples

Those expressions are used to ask for opinions.

 What do you think of this refrigerator?

 So, do you think I should buy those florescent light bulbs?

Those expressions are used to give opinions.

 I think the other one’s better.

 In my opinion, you should buy the florescent light bulbs.

Here are other expressions that you can also use:

Asking Opinion Giving opinion

• What is your opinion? 

• What do you think of...? 

• How do you feel about…? 

• How do you see …? I think …

I believe …

I feel …

It seems to me …

11. Agreement/approval, Disagreement/disapproval (setuju, tidak setuju)      

Ketika kita merasa sependapat dengan opini orang lain, kita bisa mengatakan:

 

• So do I

• Yes, I agree with you

• It is certainly

• Exactly

• That’s what I want to say

• I am with you

• I am on your side

• Yes, I agree

• That’s quite true

• You’re absolutely right!

• I’m of exactly the same opinion

• I think so

• I go along that line

• I agree completely

• That's true.

• Absolutely.

• Definitely.

• I couldn't agree more.

• I know what you mean.

• I suppose you’re right

 

Ketika kita merasa tidak sependapat dengan opini orang lain, kita bisa mengatakan:

 

• Well, I don’t think so

• I don’t think that is true

• I disagree with …

• I wouldn’t say that

• Exactly not

• I can’t say so

• On contrary

• I don’t buy that idea

• I’m afraid I entirely disagree

• I can’t agree

• I don’t think it’s very good

• Surely not

• I am sorry, but I have to disagree

• I couldn’t agree less

• I’m not sure I can agree 

 

Other expression of disagreeing

Useful vocabulary for disagreeing

no

I don't agree

that's not true 

I don't accept that Note: 'no' is usually followed by a statement (see below)

(quite direct) 

(quite formal)

Examples:

No, I don't think that's what happened. 

No, that's not a good idea. 

12. Fear, Anciety (ungkapan ketakutan, kegelisahan)

 

Fear Respon

I am afraid 

I am feared

I am scared

I am terrified

The sound is horrifying Don’t be afraid 

There is nothing to be afraid of

It is nothing

Anciety Respon

I am worried about… 

I am anxious to know about…

I wondered if…

That made me worried

I have been thinking about ….

I am afraid if… Take is easy 

Calm down

I know you are worried but…

It is not a big deal

Don’t worry

Stay cool

13. Pain, Relief (ungkapan kesakitan, kelegaan)

 

Pain Relief

Ouch! 

That was hurt

It is painful

It hurts me

I’ve got a backache/toothache/stomachache

I feel sore all over

My eyes hurt I’m very relieved to hear… 

Finally, it was over

I feel relieved

I feel much better

I’m glad it’s over

That’s a great relief

I’m extremely glad to hear…

Thank goodness for that

Marvellous

What a relief!

Other expressions

1. Expressions of Pain

• I am suffering from a relapse.

• I feel sick./I feel ill.

• I’m sick.

• Ugh, it’s very painful!

• Oh, it’s killing me!

2. Expressions of Relief

• It’s a relief to know that ....

• Thank God for ....

• I’m glad it was done.

• Thank goodness!

• Thank heavens!

• I’m glad about …!

• It’s a great relief!

• Whew

14. Like/Love & Dislike/Hate (suka/cinta & tidak suka/benci)

 

Like Dislike

I love it 

I like it

I am keen on it

I am crazy about it

We all enjoy

(benda/noun/gerund)…is my cup of tea I don’t really like it 

I dislike it

I am not really interested in…

I can’t enjoy…

(benda/noun/gerund)…is not my cup of tea

I can’t stand

I hate it

Language for expressing likes 

Subject Adverb Verb Noun

I

(really)

don't like 

can't stand

it

them

ice cream

Chinese food

playing football

watching TV 

About the adverb 'really'.

This adverb as we have seen is very useful in making what you say stronger. When talking about things you don't like though it can have a different meaning depending on where you put it in the sentence.

For example:

"I really don't like it!"

This means you have a strong dislike of something.

BUT

"I don't really like it."

This is not very strong. It means that you do not like something, but it is not a very strong dislike.

Language for expressing likes 

Subject Adverb Verb Noun Extra 

I (really) like

love it

them

ice cream

Chinese food

playing football

watching TV a lot 

15. Embarrassment & Annoyance (Ungkapan rasa malu, kejengkelan)

 

Embarrassment Annoyance

I am embarrassed 

I feel ashamed

Oh my God

Shame on me

I don’t feel comfortable

I feel awkward I am annoyed 

I had enough with it

I can’t bear it any longer

You made me annoyed

You are such a pain in the neck

You made me sick

 

There are some other expressions you can use to show your annoyance.

Formal Situations Informal Situations

I’m extremely displeased with …

… is very irritating.

I’m extremely unhappy about this. … really makes me mad.

I cannot stand …

Why on earth he didn’t …?

There are some other expressions to show embarrassment, such as:

In Formal Situations In Informal Situations

Formal Situations Informal Situations

What an embarrassment!

I must say that it’s an embarrassment.

That’s a real embarrassment. What a shame!

It’s my embarrassment to ...

I was so ashamed.

16. Request (permintaan)

 

Request Acceptance Refusal

Would it be possible for you to 

Would you be so kind as to

Would you…,please?

Would you mind …?

Any chance of…

Can you…? I should be delighted to come 

By all means

I have no objection

I’d be happy to

Sure

Yeah

OK

No problem

Mmm I regret to say that we find ourselves unable to go 

I’m afraid it’s not possible

I’m afraid not

Sorry

No, I won’t

Not likely

You must be joking

 

Granting Request

In the dialogue between Ayu and Palupi you fi nd the following expressions:

Ayu : Will you tell me about it?

Palupi : Sure, I will.

Ayu : Let’s try to make lepat sometimes.

Palupi : OK.

Sure, I will and OK are expressions to grant a request.

Here are other expressions that you can use:

 Alright.

 Certainly.

 Right away.

 Of course.

17. Complaint, Blame (keluhan,menyalahkan)

 

Complaint Blame

I’m not at all satisfied with the service 

I really do/must objec to the service

I take great exception to…

I want to complain about…

This is crazy! You’re the one to blame 

It’s your fault!

It’s your mistake!

You’re wrong

I think you're the only person who could have done it.

It's your fault for (doing something).

There are a number of formulas used when complaining in English. It's important to remember that a direct complaint or criticism in English can sound rude or aggressive. It's best to mention a problem in an indirect manner. Here are some of the most common: 

• I'm sorry to have to say this but... 

• I'm sorry to bother you, but... 

• Maybe you forgot to... 

• I think you might have forgotten to... 

• Excuse me if I'm out of line, but... 

• There may have been a misunderstanding about... 

• Don't get me wrong, but I think we should... 

Expressing shocked disagreement

But that's ridiculous!

unfair!

unreasonable!

A negative structure

It's just not fair to charge us for the starters! 

simply

18. Regret, Apology (penyesalan, meminta maaf)

 

Regret Apology

Much to my regret 

Sadly, I ….

Unfortunately

I’m terribly sorry

I honestly regret that I …

Sorry, I … Please accept my apologies for what I did 

Please forgive me for what I did

I am extremely sorry

I really must apologies

May I offer you my sincerest apologies?

Language for saying sorry 

To emphasise how you feel Examples 

I'm really sorry... I'm really sorry, Pete, I didn't mean to lose your book. 

I'm so sorry... I'm so sorry I forgot your birthday, Oliver! 

To say why you're sorry Examples

Sorry about... Sorry about the mess. I'll clear up later. 

Sorry for... Sorry for taking your DVD. 

To say sorry without using the words 'I'm sorry'! 

I'd like to apologise for... I'd like to apologise for the way I spoke to you earlier. 

Vocabulary around saying sorry

to apologise 

to say sorry, to ask for forgiveness, to express regret 

an exclamation 

a word, phrase or sentence that is shouted out suddenly, often through surprise or anger 

to hurt someone's feelings 

to make someone feel upset or unhappy 

a misunderstanding 

this can mean 'a small disagreement'

trouble 

unhappiness, distress, worry or danger 

a hard time 

a difficult time 

to be out of order (informal) 

to be impolite or rude 

19. Possibility & Impossibility (kemungkinan & ketidakmungkinan)

 

Menyatakan Kemungkinan Menanyakan Kemungkinan

I think there is possibility to … 

I sassume/believe…

In all probability,…

it is going to be possible for me to…

that will probably …

it’s quite possible … Do you think he/it could…? 

Would you say we’re capable of…?

Are you capable of…?

Are you able to…?

Do you have any experience of…?

Can you…?

Do you know how to…?

Do you think you can…?

Expressions for Discussing Possibilities

• Would there be any possibility of …?

• Do you think we are capable of …?

• Would it be possible for (somebody) to …?

• I think that would be possible ....

• Is it possible to …?

• Yes, there is a possibility ....

NOTE :

 

1. Several ways of indicating possibility are:

 It’s possible that he’ll win the game.

 There’s a possibility of his winning the game/ that he will win the game.

 possibly he hasn’t heard the news yet.

 There is a good chance that …..

 There is a little chance that …..

 It is impossible

 Probably She is on the way

 May be he needs more time

 She might not be at home

2. Expressions used to ask possibility or capability of doing something are:

 Would there be any possibility of …..?

 Do you think we are capable of ….?

 Is it possible for me to …?

 Are we capable enough to …?

3. Expressions to show capability are :

 I’m capable of doing it

 I can do it

 There is a chance that I can do it.

 I’m able to do it

 I have the ability to do it.

4. Expressions to show incapability are:

 I can’t do it

 I’m not sure I’m capable of doing it.

 I don’t think I have the ability

 I don’t feel capable of doing it

 I don’t know how to do it.

 

II. LANGUAGE USAGE 

A. TENSES 

TENSES POLA KET. WAKTU

Present Tense 

(Menyatakan kebiasaan hingga sekarang masih dilakukan) V= (+) S+V¹ (-s/es utk S he,she,it) 

      (-)  S+Do/Does not + V¹ 

            Do utk S= I,you,they,we

            Does utk S= he,she,it

           She goes to school everyday

           She does not go to school everyday

N= (+) S+ to be (am/is/are) + adj/n/adv

           She is beautiful Every… 

Usyally

Always dll 

 

Present Continuous 

(Menyatakan aktivitas yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu bicara) V= (+) S+ to be (am/is/are)+V-ing 

      She is not going to school everyday Now 

At present

At this moment

To day

Present Perfect 

(Menyatakan perbuatan/tindakan yang terjadi pada waktu yang tidak tertentu di masa lampau dan pada saat berbicara perbuatan/tindakan tsb telah selesai/baru aja selesai dilakukan) V= (+) S + have/has + V3 

            Have utk S= I,you,they,we

            Has utk S= he,she,it

       Father has gone to work for 12 hours 

N= (+) S + have/has+Been + adj/n/adv

       Father has been at his office since 12

       hours ago. Lately 

Recently

For 

Since

already

yet

lately

just

Past Tense 

(Menyatakan kegiatan yang dilakukan pada waktu lampau) V= (+) S + V2 

      (-) S + did not + V¹ 

           Did utk semua Subjek

N= (+) S + Be (was/were) + adj/n/adv

            Was utk S= I,he,she,it

            Were utk S= you,they,we Yesterday 

Last…

…ago

Past Perfect Tense 

(Menyatakan aktivitas yang telah selesai dilakukan ketika aktivitas lain terjadi pada waktu lampau) V= (+) S + had + V3 

            Had utk semua Sabjek (S) 

N= (+) S + had been + adj/n/adv Before/when + S + V2

Past Perfect Continuous 

(Menyatakan aktivitas yang telah berlangsung selama periode waktu tertentu ketika aktivitas lain terjadi diwaktu lampau, aktivitas tsb masih berlangsung) V= (+) S + had been + V-ing For + periode waktu + when/ before + S + V2

Future tense 

(Menyatakan aktivitas yang akan dilakukan di waktu yang akan datang)  

V= (+) S + will/shall + V¹ 

            Will utk semua Sabjek (S)

            Shall utk S = I,we

N= (+) S + will/shall +be + adj/n/adv  

Tomorrow 

Next…

Future Continuous 

(Menyatakan aktivitas yang akan sedang berlangsung di waktu yang akan datang)  

V= (+) S + will/shall + be + V-ing  

At this time tomorrow 

At ten tomorrow

Future Perfect 

(Menyatakan aktivitas yang akan telah selesai dilakukan ketika aktivitas lain terjadi diwaktu yang akan datang)  

V= (+) S + will/shall + have + V3 

N= (+) S + will/shall +have +been +adj/n/  

By + ket.waktu

Future Perfect Continuous 

(Menyatakan aktivitas yang akan telah sedang berlangsung selama waktu tertentu ketika aktivitas lain terjadi di waktu yang akan datang)  

 

V= (+) S + will/shall +have+been + V-ing  

 

By + ket.waktu

Past Future Tense 

(Menyatakan perbuatan/keadaan yang akan datang dilakukan/terjadi diwaktu lampau. Perbuatan tsb sudah direncanakan tapi tidak terlaksana)  

V= (+) S + would/should + V¹  

N= (+) S + would/should + be + adj/n/adv  

Yesterday 

Last…

Just now

If + simple past

Past Future Perfect Tense 

(menyatakan suatu pengandaian pada masa lampau, sesuatu seharusnya akan telah terjadi pada saat suatu syarat terpenuhi)  

V= (+) S + would/should + have +V3 

N= (+) S + would/should + have been + adj/n/adv  

If + past perfect

Past Perfect Continuous 

(Menyatakan perbuatan yang seharusnya sudah sedang berlangsung di suatu waktu di masa lampau tetapi kenyataanya gagal berlangsung)  

V= (+) S + would/should + have been + V-ing  

By + ket.waktu

Kita bisa mengenali setiap tensis dengan mengetahui ciri-ciri khusus yang dimiliki setiap tensis: 

Simple Present V¹/do,does/am,is,are

Simple past V2/did/was,were

Perfect have/has/had + V3/been

Future/modal (present) 

Future/modal (past) will/shall/may/can/must + V¹/be 

would/sould/might/could/had to + V¹/be

Continuous Tobe + v-ing

TO BE

Present 

Past

Perfect

Future/modal Am, is, are 

Was, were

Been

be

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